You need to understand the basic rules of kayaking in order to fully enjoy your kayaking adventure, and make sure you also have the tools necessary to learn kayaking the easy way as you get started.
The basic instructions for kayaking are similar to those for most water sports such as canoeing, white water rafting etc. It is recommended that you take a basic class that teaches about kayaking and the basics you need to know before you go out on a kayak. It is also a good idea to always go out kayaking with a friend or two.
Many Kayaks are built for two people. There are also kayaks for singles, and groups of threes and fours. Some people love the silent, methodical motion and the feel of gliding across the water all alone and undisturbed--however, if you are kayaking for the first time, or if you are just a beginner, it is not the best suggestion to go out alone on the water--in case something goes wrong.
The following are a few examples of the basic rules of kayaking. These will be important to know--preferably first hand from an instructor. Many kayaking resorts offer kayaking lessons for beginners that include both instruction and in-water adventure. So do not be intimidated. This is a wonderful summer sport I know you would hate to miss out on.
·First you need to know how to stretch your muscles before kayaking:
Kayaking is an extreme exercise for your upper body muscles. You will want to stretch out your arms very well, and if you already have some muscle tone to your arms and back--you will have a great advantage because you will not get tired as quickly as someone who is not as strong.
However, kayaking on a regular basis is a great way to build upper body strength, too. So if you live nearby a suitable place for kayaking--you may want to consider using this fun, relaxing and popular sport as a form of exercise you will be sure to enjoy.
·How to properly sit in a kayak:
You will want to make sure that you sit in the kayak correctly from the beginning, you will need to know the proper way to sit so that your boat does not become unstable and you do not risk tipping over. This is fairly easy to do many kayaks make it very self-explanatory and comfortable as well. However, it is much better demonstrated than described.
·How to hold your paddle:
As with canoeing etc, you will need to know how to hold your paddles so that you can maintain a firm grip as well as the capability to steer the kayak the way you want.
·Proper paddling techniques:
Of course, you will have to know more than just how to grip the paddle, but how to use your paddle for steering. It is easy to get stuck turning your kayak in circles, which can not only be frustrating but also hold you back and separate you from the rest of the group.
·Rules of the waterways:
There are many kinds of kayaks, ocean kayaks, river kayaks and kayaks designed for use on lakes or stiller waters. For every kind of body of water you kayak there will be certain rules that pertain to the dangers of kayaking in such types of waters, what to expect, and how to best manage your kayak once you are out there having fun.
No matter what kind of kayaking you do this season, make sure you know what you need to in order to exercise the most caution and keep yourself safe while having a great time. Kayaking has always been a favorite sport of mine, as well as my entire family. It is an activity we can all enjoy together.
Anne Clarke writes numerous articles for websites on gardening, parenting, fashion, and home decor. Her background includes teaching and gardening. For more of her articles on recreation please visit Kayaking Trips.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Anne_Clarke
Thursday, December 2, 2010
Badminton
Toss
The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game starts. If you win, you can choose between serving first or to start play at either end of the court. Your opponent can then exercise the remaining choice.
Scoring system
The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of 3 games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the game. In women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.
If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first scored 14 (10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or to 'set' the game to 17 (13) points.
The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side can add a point to its score.
Recently BWF have been testing a new scoring format of 21 points per game on all major Badminton competition and decided to replace the old format permanently.
Sign up to our Free Newsletter and learn more about Badminton...
Change of ends
The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent after finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change ends when the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of 15 points.
Rules of Badminton - Singles
Serving and receiving courts
You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your opponent has scored an even number of points in that game.
You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when you or your opponent has scored an odd number of points in that game.
You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the shuttle ceases to be in play.
Scoring and serving
You score a point and serve again from the alternate service court when your opponent makes a 'fault' or the shuttle ceases to be in play because it touches the surface of your opponent's side of court.
No points will be scored when you make a 'fault' or the shuttles ceases to be in play because it touches the surface of your side of court. The serving right will then be transferred to your opponent.
Rules of Badminton - Doubles
At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the service shall be delivered from the right service court. Only your opponent standing diagonally opposite of you shall return the service.
Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a 'fault' and your side scores a point.
Order of play and position on court
After the service is returned, either you or your partner may hit the shuttle from any position on your side of the net. Then either player from the opposing side may do the same, and so on, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.
Scoring and serving
If you are serving or receiving first at the start of any game, you shall serve or receive in the right service court when your side or your opponent's side scored an even number of points.
You shall serve from or receive in the left service court when your side or your opponent's side has scored an odd number of points.
The reverse pattern shall apply to your partner.
In any game, the right to serve passes consecutively from the initial server to the initial receiver, then to that initial's receiver's partner, then to the opponent who is due to serve from the right service court, then to that player's partner, and so on.
You shall not serve out of turn, receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive services in the same game, except as provided in service court errors and 'lets'.
Service court errors
A service court error has been made when a player has served out of turn, has served from the wrong service or standing on the wrong service court while being prepared to receive the service and it has been delivered.
If a service court error is discovered after the next service had been delivered, the error shall not be corrected. If a service court error is discovered before the next service is delivered, the following rules apply.
If both sides committed an error, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and won the rally, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and lost the rally, the error shall not be corrected.
If there is a 'let' because of a service court error, the rally is replayed with the error corrected. If a service court error is not to be corrected, play in that game shall proceed without changing the player's new service courts.
Faults
The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:
- If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under the net, fail to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person or dress of a player or touches any other object or person.
- If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net. (The striker may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the course of a stroke.)
- If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.
- If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such that an opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed over the net.
- If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or making gestures.
- If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the execution of a stroke.
- If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.
- If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a player's racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.
- If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties.
- If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top, or, on service, after passing over the net is caught in the net.
Lets
'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.
A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence.The rules of badminton consider the following as 'lets':
- If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.
- If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it shall be a 'let'.
- If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'.
- If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.
- If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall be a 'let'.
- A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is applicable.
Shuttle not in play
A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net and remains attached there or suspended on top.
A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net or post and starts to fall towards the surface of the court on the striker's side of the net.
A shuttle is not in play when it hits the surface of the court or a 'fault' or 'let' has occurred.
Continuous play, misconduct, penalties
Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is concluded, except as allowed in intervals not exceeding 90 seconds between the first and second games, and not exceeding 5 minutes between the second and third games.
Officials and appeals
The referee is in overall charge of the tournament. The umpire, where appointed, is in charge of the match, the court and its immediate surrounds. The umpire shall report to the referee. The service judge shall call service faults made by the server should they occur. A line judge shall indicate whether a shuttle landed 'in' or 'out' on the line or lines assigned. An official's decision is final on all points of fact for which that official is responsible.
An umpire shall:
- Upload and enforce the Rules of Badminton and, especially, call a 'fault' or 'let' should either occur.
- Give a decision on any appeal regarding a point of dispute, if made before the next service is delivered.
- Ensure players and spectators are kept informed of the progress of the match.
- Appoint or remove line judges or a service judge in consultation with the referee.
- Where another court official is not appointed, arrange for that official's duties to be carried out.
- Where an appointed official is unsighted, carry out the official's duties or play a 'let'.
- Record and report to the referee all matters in relation to continuous play, misconduct and penalties.
- Take to the referee all unsatisfied appeals on questions of law only. (Such appeals must be made before the next service is delivered, or, if at the end of the game, before the side that appeals has left the court.)
The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game starts. If you win, you can choose between serving first or to start play at either end of the court. Your opponent can then exercise the remaining choice.
Scoring system
The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of 3 games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the game. In women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.
If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first scored 14 (10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or to 'set' the game to 17 (13) points.
The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side can add a point to its score.
Recently BWF have been testing a new scoring format of 21 points per game on all major Badminton competition and decided to replace the old format permanently.
Sign up to our Free Newsletter and learn more about Badminton...
Change of ends
The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent after finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change ends when the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of 15 points.
Rules of Badminton - Singles
Serving and receiving courts
You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your opponent has scored an even number of points in that game.
You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when you or your opponent has scored an odd number of points in that game.
You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the shuttle ceases to be in play.
Scoring and serving
You score a point and serve again from the alternate service court when your opponent makes a 'fault' or the shuttle ceases to be in play because it touches the surface of your opponent's side of court.
No points will be scored when you make a 'fault' or the shuttles ceases to be in play because it touches the surface of your side of court. The serving right will then be transferred to your opponent.
Rules of Badminton - Doubles
At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the service shall be delivered from the right service court. Only your opponent standing diagonally opposite of you shall return the service.
Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a 'fault' and your side scores a point.
Order of play and position on court
After the service is returned, either you or your partner may hit the shuttle from any position on your side of the net. Then either player from the opposing side may do the same, and so on, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.
Scoring and serving
If you are serving or receiving first at the start of any game, you shall serve or receive in the right service court when your side or your opponent's side scored an even number of points.
You shall serve from or receive in the left service court when your side or your opponent's side has scored an odd number of points.
The reverse pattern shall apply to your partner.
In any game, the right to serve passes consecutively from the initial server to the initial receiver, then to that initial's receiver's partner, then to the opponent who is due to serve from the right service court, then to that player's partner, and so on.
You shall not serve out of turn, receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive services in the same game, except as provided in service court errors and 'lets'.
Service court errors
A service court error has been made when a player has served out of turn, has served from the wrong service or standing on the wrong service court while being prepared to receive the service and it has been delivered.
If a service court error is discovered after the next service had been delivered, the error shall not be corrected. If a service court error is discovered before the next service is delivered, the following rules apply.
If both sides committed an error, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and won the rally, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and lost the rally, the error shall not be corrected.
If there is a 'let' because of a service court error, the rally is replayed with the error corrected. If a service court error is not to be corrected, play in that game shall proceed without changing the player's new service courts.
Faults
The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:
- If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under the net, fail to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person or dress of a player or touches any other object or person.
- If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net. (The striker may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the course of a stroke.)
- If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.
- If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such that an opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed over the net.
- If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or making gestures.
- If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the execution of a stroke.
- If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.
- If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a player's racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.
- If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties.
- If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top, or, on service, after passing over the net is caught in the net.
Lets
'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.
A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence.The rules of badminton consider the following as 'lets':
- If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.
- If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it shall be a 'let'.
- If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'.
- If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.
- If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall be a 'let'.
- A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is applicable.
Shuttle not in play
A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net and remains attached there or suspended on top.
A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net or post and starts to fall towards the surface of the court on the striker's side of the net.
A shuttle is not in play when it hits the surface of the court or a 'fault' or 'let' has occurred.
Continuous play, misconduct, penalties
Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is concluded, except as allowed in intervals not exceeding 90 seconds between the first and second games, and not exceeding 5 minutes between the second and third games.
Officials and appeals
The referee is in overall charge of the tournament. The umpire, where appointed, is in charge of the match, the court and its immediate surrounds. The umpire shall report to the referee. The service judge shall call service faults made by the server should they occur. A line judge shall indicate whether a shuttle landed 'in' or 'out' on the line or lines assigned. An official's decision is final on all points of fact for which that official is responsible.
An umpire shall:
- Upload and enforce the Rules of Badminton and, especially, call a 'fault' or 'let' should either occur.
- Give a decision on any appeal regarding a point of dispute, if made before the next service is delivered.
- Ensure players and spectators are kept informed of the progress of the match.
- Appoint or remove line judges or a service judge in consultation with the referee.
- Where another court official is not appointed, arrange for that official's duties to be carried out.
- Where an appointed official is unsighted, carry out the official's duties or play a 'let'.
- Record and report to the referee all matters in relation to continuous play, misconduct and penalties.
- Take to the referee all unsatisfied appeals on questions of law only. (Such appeals must be made before the next service is delivered, or, if at the end of the game, before the side that appeals has left the court.)
Archery
Archery Game
Archery Game is a precision sport where the competitors aim and shoot at a target using a bow and arrow. Archery competitions can be divided into the following disciplines:
•Outdoor Target Archery
•Indoor Target Archery
•Field Archery
•Run-Archery
•Clout Archery
•Flight Archery
•Archery Biathlon is practiced under IBU now
There are three types of bows used in archery competitions:
•Recurve bow
The recurve bow’s ends curve away from the archer when the bow is held in the shooting position. The recurve shape can reduce the loading when fully drawn and imparts more energy to the arrow than a longbow of similar top draw weight.
•Longbow
The longbow is the most basic of bows. It is usually shaped from a single piece of timber and the grip is typically made from a strip of leather bound around the bow. A small shelf is cut into the side of the bow for the arrow to rest on. The tip of the arrow is kept at full draw to shoot.
•Compound bow
A compound bow has pulleys set at the end of its limbs. The purpose of these pulleys is to make the cocked, ready to fire position of the bow easier to hold.
The middle part of the bow, that is, the part that does not bend is called the riser.
Every arrow is made of four parts:
•Tip
There are three types of tips: field, hooked and silver. Arrow tips also have different designs. The point tipped arrow is most common. The small blades of the hooked tip may cause tearing and bleeding. Bladed arrows are more damaging than hooked tip ones, but they are easier to remove.
•Shaft
Four types of materials are used to make shafts: wood, bone, ceramic and steel. The most common material used is wood. Steel is the strongest material, followed by porcelain and bone. Before making arrows, wooden shafts should be sorted by spine and weight. Aluminum and carbon composite shafts are light, durable and uniform, but are quite expensive.
•Fletch
The fletch or the feathering of the arrow affects the distance it travels and its impact. Fletches could be feathers or plastic vanes. There are six types of fletch patterns: round, parabolic, shield, wood vane,bone vane, and ceramic vane. The round cut is the easiest pattern to fletch. The parabolic cut’s spin gives the arrow additional flight range. The shield cut has a shorter range than the round or parabolic cut, but its spin provides superior armor penetration.
•Nock
There three types of nocks: large, medium and small. These are differentiated on the basis of the size of their groves. When the groove is large,the arrow is easier to make. When the groove is small, the arrow travels farther.
Fletching is the art of making arrows from component pieces.
Olympic Archery
Archery appeared for the first time in the Olympics in 1900, and was held in the Games of 1904,1908 and 1920. In these early games, the events varied widely, and the sport was dropped because of the lack of international rules. The Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc (FITA) is the international governing body of the sport. The FITA was established in the year 1930. The FITA implemented standardized rules for competition and archery returned to the Olympics in 1972. Team competition was introduced in Olympic archery in 1988.
Olympic archery consists of four events:
•Men’s Individual
•Women’s Individual
•Men’s Team
•Women’s Team
The scoring system is based on a ten-ring target. Each section of the target is worth from one to ten points. Arrows that bounce off the target or pass through are also counted. The target face is set at 70 meters (229 feet, 8 inches) from the shooting line and the center gold of the target is set 130 centimeters (4 feet, 3 inches) above the ground. The target is usually made of paper and has a diameter of 122 centimeters (4 feet). The target is divided into five colored rings and each ring is divided in half. The width of each color zone is 12.2 (4.8 inches) centimeters and the width of each scoring zone -- half of a color zone -- is 6.1 (2.4 inches) centimeters.
Archery Tip
To be a good archer, you need a steady hand, a good eye and the ability to keep calm. Archery competitions usually test the contestant’s accuracy. Focus is the key archery tip and regular practice is important. Improve your accuracy gradually. Select a target and focus on it alone. Choose the right bow and arrows. Archery tip is , Tune your bow to achieve consistent shots and good arrow flight.
Archery Rules
For the individual events in the Olympics, there is a ranking round followed by the FITA Olympics round. The ranking round states one archary rule that the archers shoot 72 arrows at a target 70 meters (229 feet, 8 inches) away in 12 ends of six arrows each. 720 is the perfect score.
The FITA Olympic round is divided into the elimination round and the finals round. The 64 competitors are seeded from the ranking round and advance to the elimination round. It is a single-elimination, head-to-head style of competition (seed No. 64 vs. seed No. 1, 63 vs. 2, and so on). Six ends of three arrows -- for a total of 18 -- are shot at a target 70 meters away with a 40-second time limit per arrow.Acording to this archery rule Winners of every match move on to the next round.
There are eight archers in the finals.The round begins with the quarterfinals and continues with the semifinals and final. In the semifinal and final rounds, archers shoot four ends of three arrows each -- for a total of 12 -- with a 40-second time limit per arrow.Acording to this archery rule The losers of the semifinals shoot in the bronze medal match and the two winners shoot in the gold medal final.
A tie is broken with ”sudden death" overtime. Each archer shoots one arrow and the highest score wins. If tied, a second arrow is shot for highest score. If still tied, a single closest-to-the-center arrow determines the winner. Archers have 50 seconds to shoot each tie-breaking arrow.
Archery Game is a precision sport where the competitors aim and shoot at a target using a bow and arrow. Archery competitions can be divided into the following disciplines:
•Outdoor Target Archery
•Indoor Target Archery
•Field Archery
•Run-Archery
•Clout Archery
•Flight Archery
•Archery Biathlon is practiced under IBU now
There are three types of bows used in archery competitions:
•Recurve bow
The recurve bow’s ends curve away from the archer when the bow is held in the shooting position. The recurve shape can reduce the loading when fully drawn and imparts more energy to the arrow than a longbow of similar top draw weight.
•Longbow
The longbow is the most basic of bows. It is usually shaped from a single piece of timber and the grip is typically made from a strip of leather bound around the bow. A small shelf is cut into the side of the bow for the arrow to rest on. The tip of the arrow is kept at full draw to shoot.
•Compound bow
A compound bow has pulleys set at the end of its limbs. The purpose of these pulleys is to make the cocked, ready to fire position of the bow easier to hold.
The middle part of the bow, that is, the part that does not bend is called the riser.
Every arrow is made of four parts:
•Tip
There are three types of tips: field, hooked and silver. Arrow tips also have different designs. The point tipped arrow is most common. The small blades of the hooked tip may cause tearing and bleeding. Bladed arrows are more damaging than hooked tip ones, but they are easier to remove.
•Shaft
Four types of materials are used to make shafts: wood, bone, ceramic and steel. The most common material used is wood. Steel is the strongest material, followed by porcelain and bone. Before making arrows, wooden shafts should be sorted by spine and weight. Aluminum and carbon composite shafts are light, durable and uniform, but are quite expensive.
•Fletch
The fletch or the feathering of the arrow affects the distance it travels and its impact. Fletches could be feathers or plastic vanes. There are six types of fletch patterns: round, parabolic, shield, wood vane,bone vane, and ceramic vane. The round cut is the easiest pattern to fletch. The parabolic cut’s spin gives the arrow additional flight range. The shield cut has a shorter range than the round or parabolic cut, but its spin provides superior armor penetration.
•Nock
There three types of nocks: large, medium and small. These are differentiated on the basis of the size of their groves. When the groove is large,the arrow is easier to make. When the groove is small, the arrow travels farther.
Fletching is the art of making arrows from component pieces.
Olympic Archery
Archery appeared for the first time in the Olympics in 1900, and was held in the Games of 1904,1908 and 1920. In these early games, the events varied widely, and the sport was dropped because of the lack of international rules. The Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc (FITA) is the international governing body of the sport. The FITA was established in the year 1930. The FITA implemented standardized rules for competition and archery returned to the Olympics in 1972. Team competition was introduced in Olympic archery in 1988.
Olympic archery consists of four events:
•Men’s Individual
•Women’s Individual
•Men’s Team
•Women’s Team
The scoring system is based on a ten-ring target. Each section of the target is worth from one to ten points. Arrows that bounce off the target or pass through are also counted. The target face is set at 70 meters (229 feet, 8 inches) from the shooting line and the center gold of the target is set 130 centimeters (4 feet, 3 inches) above the ground. The target is usually made of paper and has a diameter of 122 centimeters (4 feet). The target is divided into five colored rings and each ring is divided in half. The width of each color zone is 12.2 (4.8 inches) centimeters and the width of each scoring zone -- half of a color zone -- is 6.1 (2.4 inches) centimeters.
Archery Tip
To be a good archer, you need a steady hand, a good eye and the ability to keep calm. Archery competitions usually test the contestant’s accuracy. Focus is the key archery tip and regular practice is important. Improve your accuracy gradually. Select a target and focus on it alone. Choose the right bow and arrows. Archery tip is , Tune your bow to achieve consistent shots and good arrow flight.
Archery Rules
For the individual events in the Olympics, there is a ranking round followed by the FITA Olympics round. The ranking round states one archary rule that the archers shoot 72 arrows at a target 70 meters (229 feet, 8 inches) away in 12 ends of six arrows each. 720 is the perfect score.
The FITA Olympic round is divided into the elimination round and the finals round. The 64 competitors are seeded from the ranking round and advance to the elimination round. It is a single-elimination, head-to-head style of competition (seed No. 64 vs. seed No. 1, 63 vs. 2, and so on). Six ends of three arrows -- for a total of 18 -- are shot at a target 70 meters away with a 40-second time limit per arrow.Acording to this archery rule Winners of every match move on to the next round.
There are eight archers in the finals.The round begins with the quarterfinals and continues with the semifinals and final. In the semifinal and final rounds, archers shoot four ends of three arrows each -- for a total of 12 -- with a 40-second time limit per arrow.Acording to this archery rule The losers of the semifinals shoot in the bronze medal match and the two winners shoot in the gold medal final.
A tie is broken with ”sudden death" overtime. Each archer shoots one arrow and the highest score wins. If tied, a second arrow is shot for highest score. If still tied, a single closest-to-the-center arrow determines the winner. Archers have 50 seconds to shoot each tie-breaking arrow.
Shooting
Introduction
The rules used in Olympic Shooting competition are established by USA Shooting (USAS), the national governing body for the Olympic sport of shooting in the United States. These rules apply to shooting events and activities recognized by and/or promoted by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), and rule changes made by ISSF will be adopted by USAS. USAS does in some cases recognize events not recognized by ISSF, thus USAS is the governing body for such events.
Like any governing body, USAS has many, many rules. I have dug through them and will highlight the important ones - general equipment guidelines, and methods of scoring. These ought to help anyone who wants better understand what you're likely to see at an Olympic shooting event. I have omitted tedious details such as restrictions on firearm size and weight.
Scoring
•In all of the rifle and pistol events, round targets are used. These consist of a series of concentric circles, with each successively larger circle scoring fewer points. Target size varies according to the distance from the shooter to the target. The center circle of such a target is what's usually referred to as a bullseye, and it's worth ten points. Scores are totalled to determine the winner of each event, which of course is the shooter with the highest score.
•For shotgun events, clay targets are thrown into the air. The shooter's goal is to break each target. The winner is the shooter who breaks the most targets.
•In double trap and skeet, the shooter is only allowed one shot per target.
•For the trap event, two shots are allowed for each target.
Equipment
•An air pistol is a handgun that shoots lead pellets propelled by compressed air or carbon dioxide gas. The air pistols used for Olympic events are very different-looking from most other handguns. These pistols use 4.5mm (.177 inch) pellets. The gun must be loaded with only one pellet, and ported barrels/perforated barrel attachments are allowed.
•Like the air pistol, the air rifle uses compressed air or carbon dioxide (co2) gas to propel a 4.5mm (.177 inch) lead pellet at a target. The difference is that the rifle is a shoulder-mounted gun with a longer barrel, and is usually much easier to shoot accurately than a pistol. For the 10M Olympic event, thumb holes, thumb rests, palm rests, heel rests, spirit levels, and bipods are prohibited.
•The rapid-fire pistol event specifies that the handgun may not be single-shot, therefore semi-automatic pistols or revolvers may be used. In 2008 this event will apparently be rimfire only, meaning only 22-caliber rimfire guns will be allowed. No compensators or perforated barrel attachments may be used.
•Equipment rules for pistol events differ from those for the rapid-fire event described above. 22-caliber rimfire single-shot pistols are the only type allowed.
•For the "rifle 3 positions" event as well as prone, any action 22-caliber rimfire rifle may be used. Thumb holes, thumb rests, palm rests, heel rests, and spirit levels are allowed.
•For shotgun events including double trap, trap, and skeet, any smooth-bore shotgun 12 gauge or smaller may be used. No slings are allowed. Compensators may only be used for the skeet event. Guns with magazines must be blocked so it will hold no more than one shell. Ported barrels are allowed (subject to jury approval), and optical sights are prohibited.
The rules used in Olympic Shooting competition are established by USA Shooting (USAS), the national governing body for the Olympic sport of shooting in the United States. These rules apply to shooting events and activities recognized by and/or promoted by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), and rule changes made by ISSF will be adopted by USAS. USAS does in some cases recognize events not recognized by ISSF, thus USAS is the governing body for such events.
Like any governing body, USAS has many, many rules. I have dug through them and will highlight the important ones - general equipment guidelines, and methods of scoring. These ought to help anyone who wants better understand what you're likely to see at an Olympic shooting event. I have omitted tedious details such as restrictions on firearm size and weight.
Scoring
•In all of the rifle and pistol events, round targets are used. These consist of a series of concentric circles, with each successively larger circle scoring fewer points. Target size varies according to the distance from the shooter to the target. The center circle of such a target is what's usually referred to as a bullseye, and it's worth ten points. Scores are totalled to determine the winner of each event, which of course is the shooter with the highest score.
•For shotgun events, clay targets are thrown into the air. The shooter's goal is to break each target. The winner is the shooter who breaks the most targets.
•In double trap and skeet, the shooter is only allowed one shot per target.
•For the trap event, two shots are allowed for each target.
Equipment
•An air pistol is a handgun that shoots lead pellets propelled by compressed air or carbon dioxide gas. The air pistols used for Olympic events are very different-looking from most other handguns. These pistols use 4.5mm (.177 inch) pellets. The gun must be loaded with only one pellet, and ported barrels/perforated barrel attachments are allowed.
•Like the air pistol, the air rifle uses compressed air or carbon dioxide (co2) gas to propel a 4.5mm (.177 inch) lead pellet at a target. The difference is that the rifle is a shoulder-mounted gun with a longer barrel, and is usually much easier to shoot accurately than a pistol. For the 10M Olympic event, thumb holes, thumb rests, palm rests, heel rests, spirit levels, and bipods are prohibited.
•The rapid-fire pistol event specifies that the handgun may not be single-shot, therefore semi-automatic pistols or revolvers may be used. In 2008 this event will apparently be rimfire only, meaning only 22-caliber rimfire guns will be allowed. No compensators or perforated barrel attachments may be used.
•Equipment rules for pistol events differ from those for the rapid-fire event described above. 22-caliber rimfire single-shot pistols are the only type allowed.
•For the "rifle 3 positions" event as well as prone, any action 22-caliber rimfire rifle may be used. Thumb holes, thumb rests, palm rests, heel rests, and spirit levels are allowed.
•For shotgun events including double trap, trap, and skeet, any smooth-bore shotgun 12 gauge or smaller may be used. No slings are allowed. Compensators may only be used for the skeet event. Guns with magazines must be blocked so it will hold no more than one shell. Ported barrels are allowed (subject to jury approval), and optical sights are prohibited.
Soccer
Well, the answer is pretty simply; if you don’t know the basic soccer rules you will not either know how to play soccer. However, you will not need to remember every soccer rule as many of them will not give you any advantage on the field. In this article I have only selected the most necessary ones that you need to learn in order to perform well.
No Rules = An Unfair Game
The game of soccer would be unfair if only your opponents had permission to set the rules for the match. And if both your and the opposing team had permission to make the rules, there would probably be so much discussion about every situation that you, your teammates and the opposing players would not care about how the match ended.
That’s why players, coaches and soccer associations over the whole world have decided which soccer rules should be followed. The referees just make sure that you and other players are following the soccer rules. But what if you get angry at the referee if he/she makes a wrong decision? Like giving the opposing team a penalty kick when their player was not even in the penalty area (also known as the the box and 18 yard box).
Well, keep in mind always that it is the referee who decides if it is a foul or not. Don’t ever get angry at a referee, even if you do not agree with his/her decision about some particular situation on the soccer pitch. This will result in the referee getting even more stressed and confused, which will lead to more wrong decisions. The referee is also a human being who make mistakes and despite that he knows all the soccer rules perfectly he will still make mistakes. So, lead my advice; spare yourself unnecessary arguing and focus on your game.
How to calm down
Sometimes it is hard to not get angry at the referee, but keep in mind that there is no reason to complain because a referee will never change his/her decision afterwards. Use your energy to performing well and push yourself to work harder on the soccer field instead. I know this is easy to say when you are not upset on the field, but I usually count to 10 when I get angry at the referee, and after a while I feel better and so will you. I promise :-)
A match begins…
A match begins with a handshake between you (if you are the captain of the team) and the opposing team captain. Usually players say hey to each other and wish the referee and the other team good luck. The official soccer rules state that a game must start with a kick off from the centre of the soccer pitch.
End of the match
The match is over when you and your teammates say "thanks for the match" (this is not a must but the official soccer rules state that this is fair play and should be adapted by all teams) and both teams’ captains handshake the referee and say "thank you for the game" (even if no one is satisfied with the referee’s decisions during the match).
The 17 Fundamental Soccer Rules You Should Learn
Before we start, I just want you to keep in mind that it is not necessary to learn these rules in one day. Instead, reflect over them while you are watching a soccer game and try to memorize at least one of them per week. Now, let’s study these rules in more detail.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Free Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A soccer freekick is a great scoring opportunity. It is often occurred when one of your opponents commits a foul on either you or one of your teammates (for example; pushing, tripping or missing a slide tackle). The referee may also reward your team with a free kick if one of your opponents touches the ball with his hands.
Dimensions of a Soccer Field
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I know by experience that soccer field dimensions can be pretty confusing, especially if you have recently started to play soccer. However, I know also that many people that have been played soccer many years do not know the size of a regular field. So, how big is a soccer field? Well, the minimum length is 100 yards and maximum 130 yards. The width can be maximum 100 yards or minimum 50 yards.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of The Ball
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In soccer, there are generally three sizes of soccer balls. Size 5 which is the most common one, size 4 is generally used for U 12 and size 3 for U4. However, there are also custom made balls that are only used for inside play. These balls can’t bounce especially high and are easier to control then if you were playing with an outside ball. An official ball must weigh somewhere between 410 to 450 grams. To get more facts about this rule (e.g. how many leather panels does a soccer ball have or the general mass) click on this link.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Number of Players
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So, how many players on a soccer team is allowed in a game? Well, accoring to the official soccer rules, a team can have 10 outfield players and one goalie on the field. The amount of substitutions may vary but in official competition games there are only 3 substitutions allowed per team. In other type of games like friendly games or inside soccer the coach is usually allowed to perform an unlimited amount of substitutions. In youth games there are generally 6 outfield players and a goalie. The field and goals are also smaller than the regular ones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Equipment You Need To Have
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The most basic soccer equipment you need to wear in order to play in a competition is a jersey, a pair of shorts and socks. You also need a pair of boots and approved shin pads. You will generally need to purchase the last two mentioned of your own money, beside that you don’t need anything more in order to play a soccer game. The colors of your team can’t be the same as the colors of your keeper.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Soccer Referee
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Being a soccer referee can be pretty tough sometimes. Beside knowing all the soccer rules, the referee need also to keep his calm and make right decisions during the whole game. That’s why it is so important to treat the referee with respect. My experience is that if you show respect against the referee, he will do the same against you. But, don’t criticize his decisions as he is also a human being and we all make mistakes. You will never win anything by arguing with him about his decisions; you will just make him more unsecure which will impact on his performance.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Assistant Referee
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An assistant referee do not acutally make any binding deciisons. During a regualr soccer game two assistant referees oversees the touch lines on each side of the field. The assistant referees were called lines men but in 1996 FIFA changed the soccer rules and came up with a new name to better reflect the modern role of these officials. Still, many people like to referee to them as "referee's assistants" or the "linesmen". The main referee may discuss his decision with the assistant referee but as I said before, he can also refuse them if he believe that they are not correct.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Duration of The Game
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The duration of the match is different and depends on what competition you are participating in. If you play a regular soccer game (11 vs. 11), the time is 45 minutes per half plus overtime. However, in a cup there can also be extra time, 30 minutes (15 minutes per half). However, if you are playing an inside game the time is usually much shorter (about 12 minutes in futsal).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Restart of Play
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The most common situations where restart of play occurs are following; start of the game, after a goal is scored, at the start of the second half or extra time, a throw in, goal kick and a free kick. You should also know that it is possible to score directly from a kick-off. I’ve seen one of my teammates score few times so I know it is possible.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ball in and Out of Play
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the official soccer rules, a soccer ball is out of play when it has wholly crossed the goal or touch line independently on whether the ball is on the ground or in the air. The ball is in play at all other times, plus these; when it rebounds from a goalpost, crossbar or a corner flag and remains on the field. It is also in play when it rebounds from the referee (assistant as well).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Method of Scoring
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to score a goal you need to send the whole ball over the goal line, between the goalposts and also under the crossbar. If not, then the referee might not approve the goal. If your team scores more goals then your opponents, the victory will be yours. However, if the game ends without goals or if both teams score an equal number of goals, then the match will end as draw. In some competitions, the soccer rules are little different as a game cannot end as a draw. Instead, an extra time is added. If the game ends as a draw even after the extra time a penalty shootout is used to determine the winner of the game.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Offside
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many people see the offiside rule in soccer as something very complicated and hard to understand. However, I ensure that it is not more harder to learn than any other of the soccer rules presented in this guide. So, let me give you some examples on some common offside situations. You will be in offside if you are nearer your opponent’s goal line than your second last opponent and the ball. However, you will not be in offside if you are nearer your own half, in level with the second and also in level with the last two opponents.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fouls and Misconduct
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the official soccer rules of FIFA, you will be cautioned and the referee will show you the yellow card if you commit any of the following offences; You are delaying the restart of play. The referee found you guilty for unsporting behavior. You are throwing or kicking the ball away after the referee blows his whistle. You are entering or re entering a game without referees permission. Leaving the field without referee’s permission will also get you a yellow card. There are more things that may give you a yellow card but the above mentioned are the most common things players are punished for.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Penalty Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The soccer penalty kick rule is a type of kick that is taken from twelve yards (about 11 meters) out from the goal line of your opponents. The goal kick taker, keeper and the referee are allowed to stand inside the 18 yard box. However, all other players must remain outside the 18 yard box until the ball is kicked. A player is allowed to kick the ball another time if the ball rebounds back to him. However, during a penalty shootout this rule is not available.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Throw in
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A soccer throw in is a method for restarting a soccer game. Your team will be awarded with a throw in when some of your opponents is the last player on the ball before it leaves the side line. It is also important to keep in mind that the whole ball must be completely over the side line (also known as the touch line).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Goal Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Your team will be awarded with a goal kick when the ball has completely crossed the goal line. The ball must also be touch by one of your opponents. The official soccer rules state that as a goalie, you will have 6 seconds from placing the ball onto the ground to sending it upon the field. If you refuse to take the kick during the six seconds, the referee may punish you with a yellow card or an indirect free kick. You can also score a goal directly form the goal kick. However, you really need to have powerful kicks in order to succeed with that.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Corner Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A soccer corner kick is another way of restarting a soccer game. It is also a very good scoring opportunity; in fact, many goals are scored from this type of kick. When taking a corner kick you need to control that your opponents are at least 10 yards from the ball. Keep in mind also that as soon as you touch the ball it will be counted as being in play.
No Rules = An Unfair Game
The game of soccer would be unfair if only your opponents had permission to set the rules for the match. And if both your and the opposing team had permission to make the rules, there would probably be so much discussion about every situation that you, your teammates and the opposing players would not care about how the match ended.
That’s why players, coaches and soccer associations over the whole world have decided which soccer rules should be followed. The referees just make sure that you and other players are following the soccer rules. But what if you get angry at the referee if he/she makes a wrong decision? Like giving the opposing team a penalty kick when their player was not even in the penalty area (also known as the the box and 18 yard box).
Well, keep in mind always that it is the referee who decides if it is a foul or not. Don’t ever get angry at a referee, even if you do not agree with his/her decision about some particular situation on the soccer pitch. This will result in the referee getting even more stressed and confused, which will lead to more wrong decisions. The referee is also a human being who make mistakes and despite that he knows all the soccer rules perfectly he will still make mistakes. So, lead my advice; spare yourself unnecessary arguing and focus on your game.
How to calm down
Sometimes it is hard to not get angry at the referee, but keep in mind that there is no reason to complain because a referee will never change his/her decision afterwards. Use your energy to performing well and push yourself to work harder on the soccer field instead. I know this is easy to say when you are not upset on the field, but I usually count to 10 when I get angry at the referee, and after a while I feel better and so will you. I promise :-)
A match begins…
A match begins with a handshake between you (if you are the captain of the team) and the opposing team captain. Usually players say hey to each other and wish the referee and the other team good luck. The official soccer rules state that a game must start with a kick off from the centre of the soccer pitch.
End of the match
The match is over when you and your teammates say "thanks for the match" (this is not a must but the official soccer rules state that this is fair play and should be adapted by all teams) and both teams’ captains handshake the referee and say "thank you for the game" (even if no one is satisfied with the referee’s decisions during the match).
The 17 Fundamental Soccer Rules You Should Learn
Before we start, I just want you to keep in mind that it is not necessary to learn these rules in one day. Instead, reflect over them while you are watching a soccer game and try to memorize at least one of them per week. Now, let’s study these rules in more detail.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Free Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A soccer freekick is a great scoring opportunity. It is often occurred when one of your opponents commits a foul on either you or one of your teammates (for example; pushing, tripping or missing a slide tackle). The referee may also reward your team with a free kick if one of your opponents touches the ball with his hands.
Dimensions of a Soccer Field
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I know by experience that soccer field dimensions can be pretty confusing, especially if you have recently started to play soccer. However, I know also that many people that have been played soccer many years do not know the size of a regular field. So, how big is a soccer field? Well, the minimum length is 100 yards and maximum 130 yards. The width can be maximum 100 yards or minimum 50 yards.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of The Ball
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In soccer, there are generally three sizes of soccer balls. Size 5 which is the most common one, size 4 is generally used for U 12 and size 3 for U4. However, there are also custom made balls that are only used for inside play. These balls can’t bounce especially high and are easier to control then if you were playing with an outside ball. An official ball must weigh somewhere between 410 to 450 grams. To get more facts about this rule (e.g. how many leather panels does a soccer ball have or the general mass) click on this link.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Number of Players
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So, how many players on a soccer team is allowed in a game? Well, accoring to the official soccer rules, a team can have 10 outfield players and one goalie on the field. The amount of substitutions may vary but in official competition games there are only 3 substitutions allowed per team. In other type of games like friendly games or inside soccer the coach is usually allowed to perform an unlimited amount of substitutions. In youth games there are generally 6 outfield players and a goalie. The field and goals are also smaller than the regular ones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Equipment You Need To Have
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The most basic soccer equipment you need to wear in order to play in a competition is a jersey, a pair of shorts and socks. You also need a pair of boots and approved shin pads. You will generally need to purchase the last two mentioned of your own money, beside that you don’t need anything more in order to play a soccer game. The colors of your team can’t be the same as the colors of your keeper.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Soccer Referee
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Being a soccer referee can be pretty tough sometimes. Beside knowing all the soccer rules, the referee need also to keep his calm and make right decisions during the whole game. That’s why it is so important to treat the referee with respect. My experience is that if you show respect against the referee, he will do the same against you. But, don’t criticize his decisions as he is also a human being and we all make mistakes. You will never win anything by arguing with him about his decisions; you will just make him more unsecure which will impact on his performance.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Assistant Referee
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An assistant referee do not acutally make any binding deciisons. During a regualr soccer game two assistant referees oversees the touch lines on each side of the field. The assistant referees were called lines men but in 1996 FIFA changed the soccer rules and came up with a new name to better reflect the modern role of these officials. Still, many people like to referee to them as "referee's assistants" or the "linesmen". The main referee may discuss his decision with the assistant referee but as I said before, he can also refuse them if he believe that they are not correct.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Duration of The Game
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The duration of the match is different and depends on what competition you are participating in. If you play a regular soccer game (11 vs. 11), the time is 45 minutes per half plus overtime. However, in a cup there can also be extra time, 30 minutes (15 minutes per half). However, if you are playing an inside game the time is usually much shorter (about 12 minutes in futsal).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Restart of Play
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The most common situations where restart of play occurs are following; start of the game, after a goal is scored, at the start of the second half or extra time, a throw in, goal kick and a free kick. You should also know that it is possible to score directly from a kick-off. I’ve seen one of my teammates score few times so I know it is possible.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ball in and Out of Play
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the official soccer rules, a soccer ball is out of play when it has wholly crossed the goal or touch line independently on whether the ball is on the ground or in the air. The ball is in play at all other times, plus these; when it rebounds from a goalpost, crossbar or a corner flag and remains on the field. It is also in play when it rebounds from the referee (assistant as well).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Method of Scoring
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to score a goal you need to send the whole ball over the goal line, between the goalposts and also under the crossbar. If not, then the referee might not approve the goal. If your team scores more goals then your opponents, the victory will be yours. However, if the game ends without goals or if both teams score an equal number of goals, then the match will end as draw. In some competitions, the soccer rules are little different as a game cannot end as a draw. Instead, an extra time is added. If the game ends as a draw even after the extra time a penalty shootout is used to determine the winner of the game.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Offside
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many people see the offiside rule in soccer as something very complicated and hard to understand. However, I ensure that it is not more harder to learn than any other of the soccer rules presented in this guide. So, let me give you some examples on some common offside situations. You will be in offside if you are nearer your opponent’s goal line than your second last opponent and the ball. However, you will not be in offside if you are nearer your own half, in level with the second and also in level with the last two opponents.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fouls and Misconduct
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the official soccer rules of FIFA, you will be cautioned and the referee will show you the yellow card if you commit any of the following offences; You are delaying the restart of play. The referee found you guilty for unsporting behavior. You are throwing or kicking the ball away after the referee blows his whistle. You are entering or re entering a game without referees permission. Leaving the field without referee’s permission will also get you a yellow card. There are more things that may give you a yellow card but the above mentioned are the most common things players are punished for.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Penalty Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The soccer penalty kick rule is a type of kick that is taken from twelve yards (about 11 meters) out from the goal line of your opponents. The goal kick taker, keeper and the referee are allowed to stand inside the 18 yard box. However, all other players must remain outside the 18 yard box until the ball is kicked. A player is allowed to kick the ball another time if the ball rebounds back to him. However, during a penalty shootout this rule is not available.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Throw in
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A soccer throw in is a method for restarting a soccer game. Your team will be awarded with a throw in when some of your opponents is the last player on the ball before it leaves the side line. It is also important to keep in mind that the whole ball must be completely over the side line (also known as the touch line).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Goal Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Your team will be awarded with a goal kick when the ball has completely crossed the goal line. The ball must also be touch by one of your opponents. The official soccer rules state that as a goalie, you will have 6 seconds from placing the ball onto the ground to sending it upon the field. If you refuse to take the kick during the six seconds, the referee may punish you with a yellow card or an indirect free kick. You can also score a goal directly form the goal kick. However, you really need to have powerful kicks in order to succeed with that.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Corner Kick
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A soccer corner kick is another way of restarting a soccer game. It is also a very good scoring opportunity; in fact, many goals are scored from this type of kick. When taking a corner kick you need to control that your opponents are at least 10 yards from the ball. Keep in mind also that as soon as you touch the ball it will be counted as being in play.
Boxing
The uniform boxing rules and regulations were developed by the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC) to ensure a level of safety for participants and to enhance the integrity of the sport of boxing.
Uniform Boxing Rules
As approved August 25, 2001, Amended August 2, 2002, Amended July 3, 2008
1.Each round shall consist be of a three (3) minute duration, with a one (1) minute rest period between rounds.
2.The referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and is the only individual authorized to stop a contest.
3.All bouts will be evaluated and scored by three (3) judges.
4.The 10 Point Must System will be standard system of scoring a bout.
5.The Mandatory Eight (8) Count after knockdowns will be standard procedure in all bouts.
6.All professional boxers are required to wear a mouthpiece during competition. The round cannot begin without the mouthpiece. If the mouthpiece is dislodged during competition, the referee will call time and have the mouthpiece replaced at the first opportune moment, without interfering with the immediate action. Points may be deducted by the referee if he feels the mouthpiece is being purposely spit out.
7.There is NO Standing Eight (8) Count.
8.There is NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule.
9.A boxer shall receive a twenty (20) second count if the boxer is knocked out of the ring and onto the floor. The boxer is to be unassisted by spectators or his/her seconds. If assisted by anyone, the boxer may lose points or be disqualified with such a decision being within the sole discretion of the referee.
10.A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
11.If a boxer sustains an injury from a fair blow and the injury is severe enough to terminate the bout, the injured boxer shall lose by TKO.
12.Injuries sustained by Fouls:
A.Intentional fouls
1.If an intentional foul causes an injury, and the injury is severe enough to terminate the bout immediately, the boxer causing the injury shall lose by disqualification.
2.If an intentional foul causes an injury and the bout is allowed to continue, the referee will notify the authorities and deduct (2) points from the boxer who caused the foul. Point deductions for intentional fouls will be mandatory.
3.If an intentional foul causes an injury and the injury results in the bout being stopped in a latter round, the injured boxer will win by TECHNICAL DECISION if he is ahead on the score cards or the bout will result in a TECHNICAL DRAW if the injured boxer is behind or even on the score cards.
4.If boxer injures himself while attempting to intentionally foul his opponent, the referee will not take any action in his favor, and this injury shall be the same as one produced by a fair blow.
5.If the referee feels that a boxer has conducted himself in an unsportsmanlike-like manner, he may stop the bout and disqualify the boxer.
B.Accidental Fouls
1.If an accidental foul causes an injury severe enough for the referee to stop the bout immediately, the bout will result in a NO DECISION if stopped before four (4) completed rounds. Four (4) rounds are complete when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.
2.If an accidental foul causes an injury severe enough for the referee to stop the bout immediately, after four (4) rounds have occurred, the bout will result in a TECHNICAL DECISION, awarded to the boxer who is ahead on the score cards at the time the bout is stopped.
a.Partial or incomplete rounds will be scored. If no action has occurred, the round should be scored as an even round. This is at the discretion of the judges.
13.A fighter who is hit with an accidental low blow must continue after a reasonable amount of time but no more than five (5) minutes, or he/she will lose the fight.
"Uniform Rules of Boxing." abcboxing.com. Association of Boxing Commissions. July 2008
Championship Rules Female Boxing Guidelines
1.All bouts shall be scheduled for no more than (10) rounds with each round lasting two (2) minutes. One (1) minute between rounds.
2.Female boxers shall use NO facial cosmetics and have their hair secured with soft and non-abrasive materials.
3.The weight classes shall be the same as used by male boxers.
4.Female boxers shall wear breast protectors and groin protectors that are both properly fitted and a mouthpiece is also required.
5.Glove size: Females boxers up to 154 lbs., shall use 8 oz., gloves and female boxers over 154 lbs., shall use 10 oz., gloves properly fitted.
All female boxers must provide a negative pregnancy test prior to each bout.
"Championship Rules Female Boxing Guidelines." abcboxing.com. Association of Boxing Commissions. January 2007
Comparison of IBF, WBA, WBC and WBO Championship Bout Rules
IBF
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
Accidental head butt:
No Decision before four rounds are completed.
Goes to the scorecard after four rounds are completed. Four (4) rounds are completed when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.
WBA
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
Three (3) Knockdown Rule is in effect
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
A boxer legally knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
Accidental head butt:
Technical draw before the completion of the fourth round.
Goes to the scorecard after four rounds are completed.
WBC
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
The bell can save the boxer only in the last round.
Accidental head butt:
Technical Draw before the bell for the start of the fifth (5th) round. (Most states have eliminated the technical draw decision and have replaced it with a no contest.)
Goes to the scorecard after the bell for the start of the fifth (5th) round.
WBO
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
Accidental head butt:
No Decision before four rounds are completed.
Goes to the scorecard after four rounds are completed. Four (4) rounds are completed when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.
Note: Boxing sanctioning bodies and state and local boxing commissions rules and regulations may differ significantly. For further informaton see boxing organizations and boxing commissions
Uniform Boxing Rules
As approved August 25, 2001, Amended August 2, 2002, Amended July 3, 2008
1.Each round shall consist be of a three (3) minute duration, with a one (1) minute rest period between rounds.
2.The referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and is the only individual authorized to stop a contest.
3.All bouts will be evaluated and scored by three (3) judges.
4.The 10 Point Must System will be standard system of scoring a bout.
5.The Mandatory Eight (8) Count after knockdowns will be standard procedure in all bouts.
6.All professional boxers are required to wear a mouthpiece during competition. The round cannot begin without the mouthpiece. If the mouthpiece is dislodged during competition, the referee will call time and have the mouthpiece replaced at the first opportune moment, without interfering with the immediate action. Points may be deducted by the referee if he feels the mouthpiece is being purposely spit out.
7.There is NO Standing Eight (8) Count.
8.There is NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule.
9.A boxer shall receive a twenty (20) second count if the boxer is knocked out of the ring and onto the floor. The boxer is to be unassisted by spectators or his/her seconds. If assisted by anyone, the boxer may lose points or be disqualified with such a decision being within the sole discretion of the referee.
10.A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
11.If a boxer sustains an injury from a fair blow and the injury is severe enough to terminate the bout, the injured boxer shall lose by TKO.
12.Injuries sustained by Fouls:
A.Intentional fouls
1.If an intentional foul causes an injury, and the injury is severe enough to terminate the bout immediately, the boxer causing the injury shall lose by disqualification.
2.If an intentional foul causes an injury and the bout is allowed to continue, the referee will notify the authorities and deduct (2) points from the boxer who caused the foul. Point deductions for intentional fouls will be mandatory.
3.If an intentional foul causes an injury and the injury results in the bout being stopped in a latter round, the injured boxer will win by TECHNICAL DECISION if he is ahead on the score cards or the bout will result in a TECHNICAL DRAW if the injured boxer is behind or even on the score cards.
4.If boxer injures himself while attempting to intentionally foul his opponent, the referee will not take any action in his favor, and this injury shall be the same as one produced by a fair blow.
5.If the referee feels that a boxer has conducted himself in an unsportsmanlike-like manner, he may stop the bout and disqualify the boxer.
B.Accidental Fouls
1.If an accidental foul causes an injury severe enough for the referee to stop the bout immediately, the bout will result in a NO DECISION if stopped before four (4) completed rounds. Four (4) rounds are complete when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.
2.If an accidental foul causes an injury severe enough for the referee to stop the bout immediately, after four (4) rounds have occurred, the bout will result in a TECHNICAL DECISION, awarded to the boxer who is ahead on the score cards at the time the bout is stopped.
a.Partial or incomplete rounds will be scored. If no action has occurred, the round should be scored as an even round. This is at the discretion of the judges.
13.A fighter who is hit with an accidental low blow must continue after a reasonable amount of time but no more than five (5) minutes, or he/she will lose the fight.
"Uniform Rules of Boxing." abcboxing.com. Association of Boxing Commissions. July 2008
Championship Rules Female Boxing Guidelines
1.All bouts shall be scheduled for no more than (10) rounds with each round lasting two (2) minutes. One (1) minute between rounds.
2.Female boxers shall use NO facial cosmetics and have their hair secured with soft and non-abrasive materials.
3.The weight classes shall be the same as used by male boxers.
4.Female boxers shall wear breast protectors and groin protectors that are both properly fitted and a mouthpiece is also required.
5.Glove size: Females boxers up to 154 lbs., shall use 8 oz., gloves and female boxers over 154 lbs., shall use 10 oz., gloves properly fitted.
All female boxers must provide a negative pregnancy test prior to each bout.
"Championship Rules Female Boxing Guidelines." abcboxing.com. Association of Boxing Commissions. January 2007
Comparison of IBF, WBA, WBC and WBO Championship Bout Rules
IBF
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
Accidental head butt:
No Decision before four rounds are completed.
Goes to the scorecard after four rounds are completed. Four (4) rounds are completed when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.
WBA
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
Three (3) Knockdown Rule is in effect
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
A boxer legally knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
Accidental head butt:
Technical draw before the completion of the fourth round.
Goes to the scorecard after four rounds are completed.
WBC
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
The bell can save the boxer only in the last round.
Accidental head butt:
Technical Draw before the bell for the start of the fifth (5th) round. (Most states have eliminated the technical draw decision and have replaced it with a no contest.)
Goes to the scorecard after the bell for the start of the fifth (5th) round.
WBO
NO Standing Eight (8) Count
NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule
10 point must system is in effect
Only the referee can stop the fight
A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.
Accidental head butt:
No Decision before four rounds are completed.
Goes to the scorecard after four rounds are completed. Four (4) rounds are completed when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.
Note: Boxing sanctioning bodies and state and local boxing commissions rules and regulations may differ significantly. For further informaton see boxing organizations and boxing commissions
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